North Carolina Supreme Court upholds law prohibiting registered sex offenders from accessing a social networking site

1,163 Comments / By / November 6, 2015 / North Carolina Supreme Court

State v. Packingham. This opinion just broke. More analysis to come. For now, here are a few nuggets:

N.C.G.S. § 14-202.5 bans use of commercial social networking Web sites by registered sex offenders.

Defendant, a registered sex offender, had a Facebook account.

The case went to trial and, after considering evidence that defendant maintained a Facebook page, a jury on 30 May 2012 found defendant guilty of one count of accessing a commercial social networking Web site by a registered sex offender.

The Court of Appeals held that the statute violates the First Amendment and is unconstitutional on its face and as applied. It vacated defendant’s conviction.

The Supreme Court disagreed. First, the Court concluded that the action prohibited (accessing a site), is conduct, not speech. 

This limitation on conduct only incidentally burdens the ability of registered sex offenders to engage in speech after accessing those Web sites that fall within the statute’s reach.

The Supreme Court then concluded that, because the statute doesn’t care what the person does or says on the site, it is content neutral, and settles on intermediate scrutiny and proceeds to uphold the law. Below are some snippets from the opinion, and I promise analysis will be forthcoming.

Instead of imposing a blanket prohibition against Internet use, the statute establishes four specific criteria that must be met in order for a commercial social networking Web site to be prohibited. N.C.G.S. § 14-202.5(b). In addition, the statute entirely exempts Web sites that are exclusively devoted to speech, such as instant messaging services and chat rooms. Id. § 14-202.5(c). Thus we see that the General Assembly has carefully tailored the statute in such a way as to prohibit registered sex offenders from accessing only those Web sites that allow them the opportunity to gather information about minors, thereby addressing the evil that the statute seeks to prevent.

…

Only a site that generates or creates a Web page or a personal profile for the user and otherwise meets the requirements of the statute is prohibited. In addition, even if a site falls within the definition of a “commercial social networking Web site” found in subsection 14-202.5(b), in order to convict a registered sex offender of accessing the site, the State must prove that “the sex offender knows that the site permits minor children to become members or to create or maintain personal Web pages on the commercial social networking Web site.” N.C.G.S. § 14-202.5(a).

…

A sex offender engaging in an on-line job search is free to use the commercial social networking Web site Glassdoor.com, which prohibits use by individuals under the age of eighteen. Glassdoor Terms of Use, http://www.glassdoor.com/about/terms.htm

…

While we leave for another day the question whether a site’s terms of use alone are sufficient as a matter of law to impute knowledge of the site’s limitations on access to a registrant, such terms of use provide specific and pertinent information to a registered sex offender seeking lawful access to the Internet.

…

Thus, we conclude that N.C.G.S. § 14-202.5 satisfies O’Brien’s four factors, is narrowly tailored to serve a substantial governmental interest, and leaves available ample alternative channels of communication. Defendant has failed to meet the high bar necessary to mount a successful facial challenge. (citation omitted).

…

A statute that is constitutional on its face nevertheless may be unconstitutional as applied to a particular defendant. Because Facebook does not limit users to those over the age of eighteen and otherwise fits the definition of a commercial social networking Web site set out in N.C.G.S. § 14-202.5, defendant is forbidden to access that site unless the statute is unconstitutional as applied to him.

…

Here, defendant posted the following on Facebook: “Man God is Good! How about I got so much favor they dismissed the ticket before court even started? . . . Praise be to GOD, WOW! Thanks JESUS!” If merely “liking” a post on Facebook.com is speech protected by the First Amendment, we have no doubt that posting a message on that site falls within this category as well. Thus, the statutory restrictions on defendant’s right to speech on Facebook, while incidental, are not trivial.

…

The State argues that protection of minors from known sexual predators is a vital duty, one this Court has recognized in another context. See Standley v. Town of Woodfin, 362 N.C. 328, 333, 661 S.E.2d 728, 731 (2008) (discussing the risk of recidivism among sex offenders).

…

In ascertaining whether the government’s interest in protecting children from registered sex offenders who are lurking on social networking Web sites and gleaning information on potential targets is furthered by prosecution of this defendant, we observe that defendant has the status of a registered sex offender because he was convicted of indecent liberties with a minor, a sex crime against a child falling directly within the purview of section 14-202.5. Officers who searched his home found a signed written notice advising defendant of sites he could not legally access. Defendant set up his Facebook page under an alias, further indicating his awareness that he was indulging in forbidden behavior while simultaneously hiding his identity from investigators and parents.

…

These facts satisfy us that the incidental burden imposed upon this defendant, who is barred from Facebook.com but not from many other sites, is not greater than necessary to further the governmental interest of protecting children from registered sex offenders. Thus, N.C.G.S. § 14-202.5 is not an unreasonable regulation and is constitutional as applied to defendant. Cf. id. at 550, 681 S.E.2d at 323.

…

Defendant also argues that N.C.G.S. § 14-202.5 is unconstitutionally overbroad.

…

As detailed above in our analysis of the facial constitutionality of the statute, we see that the statute is drafted carefully to limit its reach by establishing four specific criteria that must be met before access to a commercial social networking Web site is prohibited to a registered sex offender, N.C.G.S. § 14- 202.5(b); that the statute exempts sites that are exclusively devoted to speech, id. § 14-202.5(c); and that the statute requires the State to prove that a registered sex offender knew the site permitted minor children to become members or to create or maintain personal Web pages on the commercial social networking Web site, id. § 14- 202.5(a). These factors ensure that registered sex offenders are prohibited from accessing only those Web sites where they could actually gather information about minors to target. Outside these limits, registered sex offenders are free to use the Internet.

…

…we conclude section 14-202.5 does not sweep too broadly in preventing registered sex offenders from accessing carefully delineated Web sites where vulnerable youthful users may congregate.

…

Finally, the State challenges the Court of Appeals holding that the statute is unconstitutionally vague. Laws that are not “clearly defined” are void for vagueness under the Due Process Clause.

…

The Court of Appeals “assume[d] that persons of ordinary intelligence would likely interpret the statute as prohibiting access to mainstream commercial social networking sites such as Facebook.com.” Packingham, ___ N.C. App. at ___, 748 S.E.2d at 153. Whatever the status of other Web sites, no party disputes that Facebook.com, the site at issue here, falls under N.C.G.S. § 14-202.5’s definition of “commercial social networking Web site.” While an argument may be made that the statutory term “access” could be vague in other contexts, defendant’s logging into his Facebook account and posting a message on his page is unquestionably “accessing” Facebook.com. Defendant’s conduct defeats his vagueness claim.

Judge Hudson (joined by Justice Beasely) dissented, and Judge Ervin did not participate.

Brandon J. Huffman

Brandon is the founder of Odin Law and Media. His law practice focuses on transactions and video games, digital media, entertainment and internet related issues. He serves as general counsel to the International Game Developers Association and is an active member of many bar associations and community organizations. He can be reached at brandon at odin law dot com.

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    Hızla genişleyen oyuncu kitlesi ile ilgi çekici Casibom’un arkasındaki başarılı faktörleri arasında, yalnızca kumarhane ve gerçek zamanlı casino oyunlarına sınırlı olmayan kapsamlı bir servis yelpazesi bulunuyor. Spor bahislerinde sunduğu geniş alternatifler ve yüksek oranlar, katılımcıları ilgisini çekmeyi başarılı oluyor.

    Ayrıca, hem spor bahisleri hem de kumarhane oyunlar katılımcılara yönlendirilen sunulan yüksek yüzdeli avantajlı promosyonlar da dikkat çekiyor. Bu nedenle, Casibom çabucak sektörde iyi bir tanıtım başarısı elde ediyor ve büyük bir oyuncuların kitlesi kazanıyor.

    Casibom’un kar getiren promosyonları ve popülerliği ile birlikte, siteye üyelik hangi yollarla sağlanır sorusuna da bahsetmek gerekir. Casibom’a taşınabilir cihazlarınızdan, bilgisayarlarınızdan veya tabletlerinizden tarayıcı üzerinden kolaylıkla ulaşılabilir. Ayrıca, web sitesinin mobil uyumlu olması da büyük önem taşıyan bir avantaj getiriyor, çünkü artık neredeyse herkesin bir akıllı telefonu var ve bu akıllı telefonlar üzerinden hızlıca erişim sağlanabiliyor.

    Mobil cihazlarınızla bile yolda canlı iddialar alabilir ve maçları canlı olarak izleyebilirsiniz. Ayrıca, Casibom’un mobil uyumlu olması, ülkemizde kumarhane ve oyun gibi yerlerin yasal olarak kapatılmasıyla birlikte bu tür platformlara erişimin büyük bir yolunu oluşturuyor.

    Casibom’un emin bir casino platformu olması da önemli bir artı getiriyor. Ruhsatlı bir platform olan Casibom, kesintisiz bir şekilde eğlence ve kar elde etme imkanı getirir.

    Casibom’a abone olmak da oldukça basittir. Herhangi bir belge koşulu olmadan ve bedel ödemeden platforma kolaylıkla kullanıcı olabilirsiniz. Ayrıca, web sitesi üzerinde para yatırma ve çekme işlemleri için de çok sayıda farklı yöntem mevcuttur ve herhangi bir kesim ücreti talep edilmemektedir.

    Ancak, Casibom’un güncel giriş adresini takip etmek de gereklidir. Çünkü gerçek zamanlı iddia ve casino web siteleri popüler olduğu için hileli web siteleri ve dolandırıcılar da ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu nedenle, Casibom’un sosyal medya hesaplarını ve güncel giriş adresini düzenli olarak kontrol etmek gereklidir.

    Sonuç olarak, Casibom hem güvenilir hem de kazandıran bir bahis sitesi olarak dikkat çekiyor. Yüksek ödülleri, kapsamlı oyun seçenekleri ve kullanıcı dostu mobil uygulaması ile Casibom, casino tutkunları için ideal bir platform getiriyor.

  1160. Scottobjef

    주식신용
    로드스탁과 레버리지 스탁: 투자의 새로운 영역

    로드스탁을 통해 제공하는 레버리지 방식의 스탁은 증권 투자법의 한 방식으로, 상당한 수익률을 목적으로 하는 투자자들에게 유혹적인 옵션입니다. 레버리지를 이용하는 이 전략은 투자하는 사람들이 자신의 자본을 초과하는 금액을 투입할 수 있도록 하여, 주식 시장에서 더욱 큰 힘을 가질 수 있는 방법을 줍니다.

    레버리지 스탁의 기본 원칙
    레버리지 스탁은 일반적으로 자본을 빌려 사용하는 방식입니다. 예시를 들어, 100만 원의 투자금으로 1,000만 원 상당의 증권을 구매할 수 있는데, 이는 투자자가 기본 자본보다 훨씬 더욱 많은 주식을 구매하여, 증권 가격이 증가할 경우 관련된 더 큰 이익을 가져올 수 있게 됩니다. 그러나, 주식 가격이 하락할 경우에는 그 손해 또한 크게 될 수 있으므로, 레버리지를 사용할 때는 조심해야 합니다.

    투자 전략과 레버리지
    레버리지 사용은 특히 성장 잠재력이 큰 사업체에 적용할 때 유용합니다. 이러한 기업에 상당한 비율을 통해 투자하면, 잘 될 경우 막대한 이익을 가져올 수 있지만, 반대 경우의 경우 상당한 리스크도 감수해야. 그렇기 때문에, 투자자는 자신의 위험 관리 능력과 시장 분석을 통해 통해, 일정한 회사에 얼마만큼의 자금을 적용할지 결정하게 됩니다 합니다.

    레버리지의 이점과 위험 요소
    레버리지 방식의 스탁은 높은 수익을 제공하지만, 그만큼 상당한 위험성 따릅니다. 주식 시장의 변동성은 추정이 곤란하기 때문에, 레버리지를 이용할 때는 언제나 시장 추세를 면밀히 살펴보고, 손해를 최소화하기 위해 수 있는 계획을 마련해야 합니다.

    최종적으로: 세심한 결정이 필수입니다
    로드스탁을 통해 제공된 레버리지 스탁은 강력한 투자 도구이며, 적절히 이용하면 많은 수입을 가져다줄 수 있습니다. 하지만 큰 위험도 생각해 봐야 하며, 투자 결정이 충분한 데이터와 세심한 생각 후에 진행되어야 합니다. 투자자 자신의 재정적 상태, 위험 수용 능력, 그리고 시장의 상황을 생각한 안정된 투자 방법이 중요합니다.

  1163. Scottobjef

    Анализ кошелька на выявление наличия неправомерных финансовых средств: Защита своего криптовалютного портфельчика

    В мире цифровых валют становится все значимее все более необходимо гарантировать защиту собственных финансов. Регулярно кибермошенники и киберпреступники разрабатывают свежие способы мошенничества и кражи цифровых средств. Один из важных инструментов обеспечения безопасности становится проверка кошельков для хранения криптовалюты за выявление наличия нелегальных финансовых средств.

    Почему вот важно проверять личные цифровые кошельки?

    Прежде всего данный факт обязательно для того, чтобы охраны личных финансовых средств. Большинство участники рынка рискуют потерять потери средств своих финансов по причине недобросовестных подходов или воровства. Анализ кошелька способствует обнаружить в нужный момент подозрительные манипуляции и предотвратить.

    Что предоставляет фирма?

    Мы предлагаем вам услугу проверки кошельков электронных кошельков для хранения электронных денег и переводов с задачей выявления происхождения средств передвижения и выдачи детального отчета о проверке. Наша система проверяет данные пользователя для идентификации незаконных манипуляций и оценить риск для того чтобы вашего портфеля. Благодаря нашему анализу, вы можете избежать с государственными органами и защитить себя от непреднамеренного участия в нелегальных операций.

    Как осуществляется процесс?

    Организация наша фирма-разработчик работает с известными аудиторами фирмами, например Kudelsky Security, с тем чтобы гарантировать и точность наших проверок кошельков. Мы используем новейшие и методы проверки данных для обнаружения небезопасных операций средств. Персональные данные наших клиентов обрабатываются и хранятся в специальной базе данных в соответствии с положениями высокими требованиями.

    Основная просьба: “проверить свои USDT на чистоту”

    В случае если вы хотите проверить безопасности и чистоте ваших USDT-кошельков, наши эксперты предлагает шанс бесплатной проверки первых 5 кошельков. Просто введите адрес своего кошелька в нужное место на нашем онлайн-ресурсе, и мы предоставим вам подробный отчет о состоянии вашего счета.

    Обеспечьте безопасность своих финансовые активы прямо сейчас!

    Не рискуйте оказаться в пострадать злоумышленников или попасть неприятном положении неправомерных действий с вашими личными средствами. Дайте вашу криптовалюту профессионалам, которые окажут поддержку, вам и вашим деньгам защитить свои деньги и предотвратить возможные. Сделайте первый шаг к безопасности своего цифрового портфельчика в данный момент!

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